Do You Draw Straws? Which Crew Must be in the Lifeboat

On a cargo vessel, there are twice as many lifeboat seats as the maximum crew and passenger capacity. If the lifeboats on one side of a ship are unusable due to damage or excessive angle of incline, there will be enough seats on the usable side. When I was on a ship with one temporarily- disabled lifeboat, part of crew travelled to the next port by airplane, so that this safety law would not be broken. The station bill lists lifeboat assignments and duties for crew and passengers. For simplicity, crewmembers assigned to the working lifeboats would continue to exercise those roles, such as launching or steering away from the ship. If it turns out that only one lifeboat out of four is launchable, and there are not enough seats, there are inflatable survival rafts located adjacent to the lifeboats on either side of the ship. Much better than their World War Two era predecessor that resembled a giant floating donut, these modern models offer the opportunity to stay fairly dry while under a canopy. Here’s an exercise for ethics and ship’s management: who should get the better chance for survival in the lifeboat, and who should be sent to the raft? The lifeboat needs two engineers in case engine or electrical adjustments are required. The shock of a maritime casualty has incapacitated many would-be survivors, so all survival tasks must have two people assigned, to ensure that the job gets done. Lifeboatmen, or “Persons Proficient in Survival Craft”, are officers and able seafarers who are trained in navigating and managing day-to-day life in a lifeboat. Part of this qualification used to require demonstrating competency as a coxswain while rowing a boat with your classmates or shipmates. You can never have too many lifeboatmen on your lifeboat, although each raft should have at least two qualified personnel. Contrary to popular belief, the captain should avoid going down with the ship. The captain is an established authority figure to the crew, but more importantly, someone with celestial navigation skills. (For about 20 years, the US Navy dropped this competency, relying instead on GPS navigation on the ship, or a quick rescue by a coalition vessel if the ship must be abandoned. This competency has been restored.) Always bring a successor as well- the second mate is often the most proficient at navigation, as part of their daily shipboard duties of charting course. A modern enclosed lifeboat, an orange jellybean of sorts, is self-righting, provided that occupants remain seated, and that the lifeboat is not overweight. They also have engines, while rafts require rowing or towing. Inflatable rafts lack this self-righting feature, so anyone who can’t pull the weight of the raft, or the oars should be in the lifeboat. Think exit row on an airplane- children, the ill, and the very elderly. The lifeboat will be much drier than a raft. The chief steward or cook is often delegated the responsibility of managing food and water rations. While a survival amount is pre-staged inside the lifeboat, bottled water and non-perishable carbs and protein will be brought onboard if time permits. The medical officer, if there is one, may bring a go-bag onto the lifeboat. Anyone with metal implants or artificial limbs must ride in the lifeboat, due to the risk of puncturing the raft with sharp objects. Anyone who is not in a survival suit- an orange or red wetsuit issued to all crew- should be in the lifeboat. Negligence should not be assumed- survival suits are mostly kept in staterooms, not workplaces, and crewmembers are discouraged from returning to their rooms for missing items. Most importantly, fill the darn seats. On the RMS Titanic, an Edwardian sense of propriety sent lifeboats away with empty seats. I did this tabletop exercise as Leadership and Teamwork Training as a Third Engineer, but didn’t realize it until now. The scenario was choosing eight people to travel from a disintegrating moon colony in an escape pod. They had to keep it abstract.

Texas Says Yes to Maritime Education

Texas A&M has educated offshore and deep-sea mariners at its Galveston campus since 1963. Unlike the founding of other maritime academies, there was no external impetus, such as war (Maine, 1941; USMMA, 1943; MEBA Union, 1965), a generous new subsidy (California, 1929; Great Lakes, 1969), or lack of skilled mariners (New York, 1874; Massachusetts, 1891; AMO Union, 2010). College was not required to serve on the first generation of oil rig vessels, debunking yet another theory. Instead, it appears that Texas, then one of the poorest states in the nation, wanted to make good for its citizens. They could sail as ships’ officers from New Orleans or another coastal port, and bring home good paychecks. A recent change- tuition cuts for maritime programs- continues this tradition. Like medicine, maritime education has been costly for several decades, but if you stick with the program, then the rewards in salary will easily cover the cost. There is a negative feedback loop, specifically that lower-paying jobs, like primary care medicine, or working onboard research vessels and training ships, are understaffed with high turnover. In several newsworthy cases, some medical schools have drastically cut tuition, in hopes that earning potential decreases as a factor in career decisions. While Texas has cut the cost of maritime education by $300 per credit hour, it only applies to In-State and In-Region students. However, this could have a big impact on the composition of future seafarers. Currently, the Carolinas and Gulf Coast are underrepresented among the merchant marine officer ranks. Geographic distance from a maritime academy, coupled with cultural differences from the Northeast (New York is closest), contribute to this issue. While USMMA remains the sole tuition-free option, Texas is accessible to non-traditional students, including those who started as deckhands, and does not have an age limit to entry.

Boeing's Loveable 757

It’s the early 1980s. While the duopoly against Airbus was not yet established, Boeing had strong competition in the commercial jet aircraft sector from McDonnell- Douglas, and for a while, Lockheed’s L-1011 Tristar. Innovation was key to staying ahead of the competition; and the key advantage with Boeing’s 757, the direct successor to the 727, was dropping the engine count from three to two. Production stopped in 2004, but the 757’s new purchase market had already declined to niche markets after September 2001, which pushed multiple US air carriers into bankruptcy. The 757 was known as the “racecar” of the skies, as it was overpowered due to the lack of a suitable sized engine on the 1980’s market. When oil prices steadily increased in the 2002-2008 period, airline executives could not justify purchasing more high-performance, overpowered, fuel-guzzling aircraft that pilots loved to fly. Some traits: It was the largest aircraft that can service Washington Reagan and New York Laguardia airports, both in the top-25 busiest airports in the US. Other aircraft of similar size require more runway length for takeoff than these airports have. The aircraft had performance for high-altitude takeoff in South America and Central Asia. Higher cruising altitude over 40,000 feet, which was only surpassed by the supersonic Concorde. This allowed for avoiding all types of weather turbulence. Year-round non-stop flights between the Eastern US and Western Europe, with 160-180 seats serving “long, thin routes”. I flew one from New York to Edinburgh, Scotland in 2007; and Iceland Air makes good use of the aircraft model today, Transcontinental flights to the West Coast, allowing improved legroom options over the 737. For example, United regularly used the aircraft on its Washington, DC to San Francisco route. Oh, and the “turn left for first class” routine, as the forward boarding door was located some distance aft of the cockpit. Around 2017, Boeing appeared ready to proceed with designing a new 757, under Project Yellowstone, sometimes dubbed the “797” or the “New Mid Market Aircraft”. The airline, however, diverted its efforts to fixing production of the revolutionary, and larger, 787 aircraft, which itself was a fresh slate 15 years in the making; and releasing the 737 Max, the fourth iteration and transcontinental version of what was once a regional jet. I’ve made big business predictions before on the blog, one of which was a major corporation moving into vacant office space immediately south of the Pentagon. Both Amazon and Boeing did so. This one might have been a napkin sketch rather than a blog post, but I felt that Norfolk International Airport was ready for a regional airline hub. Breeze Airways entered the picture seven years after Vision Airlines failed in their attempt from nearby Newport News. What if Boeing shrank the 787, a two-engine aircraft, to fit the aging 757’s market, using a common type rating for both the flagship and miniature models? With competition from Airbus in this size range, only a quarter of orders for the 787 have been for the 787-800 variety, with 230 seats. Boeing still needs to work through its backlog of orders for this jet. But shrinking the plane will cover the mid-market gap that the 737 Max can’t fill.